Coordination compounds are chemical species in which a central metal atom or ion is surrounded by a set of molecules or anions known as ligands. These ligands donate a pair of electrons to the central metal ion, forming coordinate covalent bonds. Coordination compounds are extremely important in biological systems, industrial applications, and analytical chemistry. Examples: …
Biomolecules are chemical compounds found in living organisms that play vital roles in sustaining life. They are responsible for building cell structures, storing and transmitting genetic information, catalyzing biochemical reactions, and providing energy. The study of biomolecules helps us understand the molecular basis of life processes. In Class 12 Chemistry, the topic Biomolecules covers carbohydrates, …
In the periodic table, the d-block and f-block elements occupy a unique position due to their partially filled d and f orbitals, respectively. These elements exhibit variable oxidation states, form colored compounds, show magnetic properties, and play vital roles in industries, metallurgy, and biological systems. In Class 12 Chemistry, studying these elements provides insights into …
The p-block elements occupy the right side of the periodic table and include a diverse range of elements such as non-metals, metalloids, and metals. These elements belong to groups 13 to 18 and play a vital role in chemistry because of their variable oxidation states, wide range of compounds, and unique properties. This chapter is …
Electrostatics is the branch of physics and chemistry that deals with the study of electric charges at rest. It focuses on the forces, fields, and potentials produced by stationary charges. In Class 12 Chemistry, electrostatics plays a vital role in understanding the behavior of particles at the atomic and molecular level. Electrostatics explains several phenomena …
Solutions play a central role in chemistry and in our daily life. From the air we breathe (a gaseous solution of oxygen in nitrogen) to the salt water in oceans, solutions surround us everywhere. In Class 12 Chemistry, the chapter “Solutions” explains different types of solutions, their concentration methods, solubility, colligative properties, and the mathematical …
The solid state is one of the fundamental states of matter. Solids are characterized by definite shape, volume, rigidity, and incompressibility. Unlike gases and liquids, the particles in solids are closely packed due to strong intermolecular forces. This chapter deals with the classification of solids, crystal structures, unit cells, packing efficiency, imperfections, and properties of …
Chemical kinetics is a branch of chemistry that deals with the rate of chemical reactions, the factors affecting these rates, and the mechanisms by which reactions proceed. Unlike thermodynamics, which tells us whether a reaction is feasible or not, chemical kinetics helps us understand how fast a reaction occurs and the pathway it follows. This …
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Surface Chemistry is a fascinating branch of chemistry that deals with the study of chemical phenomena occurring at the interface of two phases, such as solid–liquid, solid–gas, or liquid–gas interfaces. It explains how reactions happen on surfaces, how catalysts work, and why processes like adsorption, colloids, and emulsions are important in industries and daily life. …