Biotechnology is one of the most advanced and fascinating fields of modern biology. It combines biology and technology to create useful products for human welfare.
In this chapter, students learn about recombinant DNA technology (rDNA), restriction enzymes, vectors, cloning, and genetic engineering techniques.
Here are 50 important objective questions with answers from Bihar Board Class 12 Biology – Biotechnology Principles and Processes, written in easy English for quick understanding and board exam preparation.
Bihar Board Class 12 Biology Biotechnology Principles and Processes Objective Questions with Answers
1. Who is known as the Father of Biotechnology?
a) Gregor Mendel
b) Karl Ereky
c) Watson
d) Crick
Answer: Karl Ereky
2. What is the full form of rDNA?
a) Recombinant Deoxyribonucleic Acid
b) Regular DNA
c) Random DNA
d) Recycled DNA
Answer: Recombinant Deoxyribonucleic Acid
3. Which enzyme is called molecular scissors?
a) Ligase
b) Restriction Endonuclease
c) Polymerase
d) Helicase
Answer: Restriction Endonuclease
4. The first restriction enzyme discovered was—
a) EcoRI
b) HindII
c) BamHI
d) PvuI
Answer: HindII
5. Plasmid is found in—
a) Virus
b) Bacteria
c) Fungi
d) Algae
Answer: Bacteria
6. The small circular DNA in bacteria is called—
a) Chromatin
b) Plasmid
c) Nucleoid
d) Ribosome
Answer: Plasmid
7. DNA ligase joins—
a) DNA fragments
b) RNA fragments
c) Protein chains
d) Lipids
Answer: DNA fragments
8. The technique used to amplify DNA is—
a) PCR
b) ELISA
c) RIA
d) SDS
Answer: PCR
9. Full form of PCR is—
a) Polymerase Chain Reaction
b) Protein Chain Reaction
c) Peptide Chain Reaction
d) Phosphate Chain Reaction
Answer: Polymerase Chain Reaction
10. The enzyme used in PCR is—
a) Taq polymerase
b) Ligase
c) Helicase
d) Endonuclease
Answer: Taq polymerase
11. The source of Taq polymerase is—
a) Thermus aquaticus
b) Escherichia coli
c) Agrobacterium tumefaciens
d) Bacillus subtilis
Answer: Thermus aquaticus
12. The process of introducing foreign DNA into a host cell is called—
a) Transformation
b) Transduction
c) Translation
d) Transcription
Answer: Transformation
13. Which of the following is a cloning vector?
a) Plasmid
b) Ribosome
c) Lysosome
d) Nucleus
Answer: Plasmid
14. The carrier of foreign DNA in recombinant technology is—
a) Vector
b) Virus
c) Antibody
d) Enzyme
Answer: Vector
15. The first recombinant DNA molecule was constructed by—
a) Boyer and Cohen
b) Watson and Crick
c) Nirenberg and Khorana
d) Hershey and Chase
Answer: Boyer and Cohen
16. Which of the following is not a step in recombinant DNA technology?
a) Isolation of DNA
b) Cutting of DNA
c) Joining of DNA fragments
d) Protein synthesis
Answer: Protein synthesis
17. Function of restriction enzyme—
a) Cut DNA at specific sites
b) Join DNA
c) Synthesize RNA
d) Break proteins
Answer: Cut DNA at specific sites
18. The vector pBR322 was developed by—
a) Bolivar and Rodriguez
b) Watson and Crick
c) Boyer and Cohen
d) Nirenberg and Khorana
Answer: Bolivar and Rodriguez
19. Antibiotic resistance genes in pBR322 act as—
a) Selectable markers
b) Promoters
c) Terminators
d) Enhancers
Answer: Selectable markers
20. Agrobacterium tumefaciens causes—
a) Crown gall disease
b) Mosaic disease
c) Rust disease
d) Wilt disease
Answer: Crown gall disease
21. Ti plasmid is used as a vector in—
a) Plant cells
b) Animal cells
c) Bacteria
d) Fungi
Answer: Plant cells
22. DNA fragments are separated by—
a) Gel electrophoresis
b) Centrifugation
c) Chromatography
d) Sedimentation
Answer: Gel electrophoresis
23. The medium used for growing bacteria is—
a) Culture medium
b) Nutrient solution
c) Growth powder
d) Chemical base
Answer: Culture medium
24. Process of transferring recombinant DNA into host—
a) Transformation
b) Translation
c) Transcription
d) Transduction
Answer: Transformation
25. Plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens—
a) Ti plasmid
b) Ri plasmid
c) pBR322
d) F plasmid
Answer: Ti plasmid
26. Enzyme that seals nicks in DNA—
a) DNA ligase
b) DNA polymerase
c) Restriction enzyme
d) Helicase
Answer: DNA ligase
27. E. coli was used by—
a) Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen
b) Watson and Crick
c) Franklin and Wilkins
d) Mendel
Answer: Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen
28. Gene cloning is—
a) Making identical copies of DNA
b) Protein synthesis
c) Cell fusion
d) Mutation
Answer: Making identical copies of DNA
29. A vector is—
a) DNA carrier
b) Enzyme
c) Protein
d) Hormone
Answer: DNA carrier
30. A plasmid having antibiotic resistance is used for—
a) Selection of recombinants
b) Energy production
c) Cell growth
d) Photosynthesis
Answer: Selection of recombinants
31. Electrophoresis separates DNA based on—
a) Size and charge
b) Shape only
c) Color
d) pH
Answer: Size and charge
32. Negative charge on DNA is due to—
a) Phosphate group
b) Sugar
c) Base
d) Protein
Answer: Phosphate group
33. Gene of interest is inserted in—
a) Vector DNA
b) RNA molecule
c) Protein chain
d) Ribosome
Answer: Vector DNA
34. Competent cells can take up—
a) DNA
b) RNA
c) Protein
d) Lipid
Answer: DNA
35. Recombinant DNA enters host through—
a) Transformation
b) Translation
c) Transduction
d) Fusion
Answer: Transformation
36. Process of separating DNA fragments using electric field—
a) Gel electrophoresis
b) Centrifugation
c) PCR
d) Sequencing
Answer: Gel electrophoresis
37. DNA fragments move towards—
a) Positive electrode
b) Negative electrode
c) Neutral zone
d) None
Answer: Positive electrode
38. Most common host in recombinant DNA technology—
a) E. coli
b) Agrobacterium
c) Bacillus
d) Yeast
Answer: E. coli
39. Vector used in animal cells—
a) Retrovirus
b) Ti plasmid
c) pBR322
d) Cosmid
Answer: Retrovirus
40. Cutting and joining of DNA fragments is called—
a) Recombinant DNA technology
b) Replication
c) Translation
d) Mutation
Answer: Recombinant DNA technology
41. Restriction enzymes recognize—
a) Palindromic sequences
b) RNA sequences
c) Proteins
d) Ribosomes
Answer: Palindromic sequences
42. Selectable marker is—
a) Antibiotic resistance gene
b) RNA polymerase
c) DNA helicase
d) Ligase
Answer: Antibiotic resistance gene
43. Host cell provides—
a) Machinery for replication
b) Vector
c) Enzyme only
d) None
Answer: Machinery for replication
44. Plasmid used in gene cloning—
a) pBR322
b) Ribosome
c) Chromosome
d) Nucleus
Answer: pBR322
45. First genetically modified organism was—
a) E. coli
b) Yeast
c) Tobacco
d) Corn
Answer: E. coli
46. DNA ligase is used to—
a) Join DNA fragments
b) Cut DNA
c) Amplify DNA
d) Detect genes
Answer: Join DNA fragments
47. Enzyme used to amplify DNA—
a) Taq polymerase
b) Ligase
c) Endonuclease
d) Helicase
Answer: Taq polymerase
48. Palindromic sequence means—
a) Same on both strands in opposite direction
b) Random sequence
c) Different on each strand
d) None
Answer: Same on both strands in opposite direction
49. Genetic engineering is also known as—
a) Recombinant DNA technology
b) Cloning
c) Mutation
d) Replication
Answer: Recombinant DNA technology
50. Final aim of recombinant DNA technology—
a) Gene expression
b) Cell division
c) Mutation
d) Photosynthesis
Answer: Gene expression
FAQs-Biotechnology Principles and Processes
1. What is biotechnology?
Biotechnology is the use of biological organisms or systems to develop useful products and technologies for human welfare.
2. What is recombinant DNA technology?
It is the process of joining DNA molecules from different sources and inserting them into a host organism to produce new genetic combinations.
3. Who discovered restriction enzymes?
Restriction enzymes were discovered by Werner Arber, Hamilton Smith, and Daniel Nathans.
4. What is the function of restriction enzymes?
They cut DNA at specific sites known as recognition sites.
5. What is the function of DNA ligase?
DNA ligase joins DNA fragments by forming phosphodiester bonds.
6. What is a plasmid?
A plasmid is a small circular DNA molecule found in bacteria, used as a vector in genetic engineering.
7. What is PCR used for?
PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) is used to amplify DNA – to make multiple copies of a specific DNA sequence.
8. What is a selectable marker?
Selectable markers are genes that help identify transformed cells, often providing antibiotic resistance.
9. What is a vector in biotechnology?
A vector is a DNA molecule used to carry foreign genes into a host cell.
10. What are the main steps of recombinant DNA technology?
Isolation of DNA → Cutting DNA → Insertion into vector → Transfer to host → Selection of recombinants → Gene expression.
Conclusion-Biotechnology Principles and Processes
These 50 objective questions and FAQs from Biotechnology: Principles and Processes will help Bihar Board Class 12 students strengthen their conceptual understanding and score well in exams.
Focus on the steps of rDNA technology, enzymes involved, and functions of vectors for maximum marks.