12th

Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers Class 12 Chemistry Notes | Detailed Explanation with Questions

by
Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers

Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers are essential organic compounds in Chemistry with vast industrial, pharmaceutical, and biological importance. These compounds contain oxygen atoms and belong to the family of oxygen-containing functional groups. They differ in structure, bonding, and reactivity, but all play a crucial role in chemical synthesis and everyday life. Alcohols: Compounds with a hydroxyl …

Read more

Class 12 Chemistry Notes: Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids | Complete Guide

by
Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

Aldehydes, Ketones, and Carboxylic Acids form an essential part of organic chemistry and the Class 12 CBSE Chemistry curriculum. These organic compounds contain the carbonyl functional group (C=O) and are highly significant due to their wide applications in industries, pharmaceuticals, and biological systems. Aldehydes have the –CHO group. Ketones have the C=O group bonded to …

Read more

Amines Class 12 Chemistry Notes | Complete Guide with Examples, MCQs & Q&A

by
Amines Class 12 Chemistry Notes

Amines are one of the most important classes of organic compounds in chemistry. They are derivatives of ammonia (NH₃) in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by alkyl or aryl groups. Amines play a significant role in the chemical industry, pharmaceuticals, dyes, and biological systems as they form the backbone of many neurotransmitters, …

Read more

Coordination Compounds Class 12 Chemistry Notes | Detailed Explanation & MCQs

by
Coordination Compounds Class 12 Chemistry Notes

Coordination compounds are chemical species in which a central metal atom or ion is surrounded by a set of molecules or anions known as ligands. These ligands donate a pair of electrons to the central metal ion, forming coordinate covalent bonds. Coordination compounds are extremely important in biological systems, industrial applications, and analytical chemistry. Examples: …

Read more

Class 12 Chemistry Notes – Biomolecules | Complete Explanation with Questions

by
Class 12 Chemistry Notes – Biomolecules

Biomolecules are chemical compounds found in living organisms that play vital roles in sustaining life. They are responsible for building cell structures, storing and transmitting genetic information, catalyzing biochemical reactions, and providing energy. The study of biomolecules helps us understand the molecular basis of life processes. In Class 12 Chemistry, the topic Biomolecules covers carbohydrates, …

Read more

Class 12 Chemistry Notes: The d-Block and f-Block Elements | Complete Guide with Questions

by
The d-Block and f-Block Elements

In the periodic table, the d-block and f-block elements occupy a unique position due to their partially filled d and f orbitals, respectively. These elements exhibit variable oxidation states, form colored compounds, show magnetic properties, and play vital roles in industries, metallurgy, and biological systems. In Class 12 Chemistry, studying these elements provides insights into …

Read more

Electrostatics Class 12 Chemistry Notes | Complete Guide with MCQs

by
Electrostatics Class 12 Chemistry Notes

Electrostatics is the branch of physics and chemistry that deals with the study of electric charges at rest. It focuses on the forces, fields, and potentials produced by stationary charges. In Class 12 Chemistry, electrostatics plays a vital role in understanding the behavior of particles at the atomic and molecular level. Electrostatics explains several phenomena …

Read more

Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Notes | Definition, Types, Laws, Colligative Properties & MCQs

by
Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Notes

 Solutions play a central role in chemistry and in our daily life. From the air we breathe (a gaseous solution of oxygen in nitrogen) to the salt water in oceans, solutions surround us everywhere. In Class 12 Chemistry, the chapter “Solutions” explains different types of solutions, their concentration methods, solubility, colligative properties, and the mathematical …

Read more

Solid State Class 12 Chemistry Notes | Complete Chapter, MCQs, Short & Long Q&A

by
Solid State Class 12 Chemistry Notes

The solid state is one of the fundamental states of matter. Solids are characterized by definite shape, volume, rigidity, and incompressibility. Unlike gases and liquids, the particles in solids are closely packed due to strong intermolecular forces. This chapter deals with the classification of solids, crystal structures, unit cells, packing efficiency, imperfections, and properties of …

Read more