Class 12 Chemistry का Physical Chemistry भाग विद्यार्थियों के लिए बहुत महत्वपूर्ण होता है क्योंकि इसमें गणनात्मक (Numerical) प्रश्न अधिक पूछे जाते हैं। बोर्ड परीक्षा और प्रतियोगी परीक्षाओं (JEE, NEET, CUET आदि) में अधिकतर प्रश्न इन्हीं सूत्रों पर आधारित होते हैं।
इस ब्लॉग में हम Class 12 Physical Chemistry के सभी अध्यायों के जरूरी सूत्र (Formulas) को अध्यायवार पढ़ेंगे — ताकि आप आसानी से Revision कर सकें और परीक्षा में अच्छे अंक प्राप्त करें।
Class 12 Physical Chemistry All Formulas in Hindi | महत्वपूर्ण सूत्र PDF Notes
Chapter 1: Solid State (ठोस अवस्था)
महत्वपूर्ण सूत्र:
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Density (घनत्व)
Density=Z×Ma3×NA\text{Density} = \frac{Z \times M}{a^3 \times N_A}
जहाँ —
Z = प्रति यूनिट सेल परमाणुओं की संख्या
M = मोलर द्रव्यमान
a = यूनिट सेल की धार की लंबाई
NAN_A = अवोगाद्रो संख्या -
Packing Efficiency (सघनता प्रतिशत)
Packing Efficiency=Volume of atoms in unit cellTotal volume of unit cell×100\text{Packing Efficiency} = \frac{\text{Volume of atoms in unit cell}}{\text{Total volume of unit cell}} \times 100
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Relation between Radius (r) and Edge (a):
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Simple Cubic (SC): a=2ra = 2r
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Body Centered Cubic (BCC): a=4r3a = \frac{4r}{\sqrt{3}}
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Face Centered Cubic (FCC): a=4r2a = \frac{4r}{\sqrt{2}}
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Chapter 2: Solutions (विलयन)
महत्वपूर्ण सूत्र:
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Molarity (M):
M=moles of solutevolume of solution in litresM = \frac{\text{moles of solute}}{\text{volume of solution in litres}}
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Molality (m):
m=moles of solutemass of solvent in kgm = \frac{\text{moles of solute}}{\text{mass of solvent in kg}}
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Percentage by Mass:
%w/w=mass of solutemass of solution×100\% w/w = \frac{\text{mass of solute}}{\text{mass of solution}} \times 100
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Raoult’s Law:
PA=XAPA0P_A = X_A P_A^0
(विलयन का वाष्प दाब घटता है)
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Relative Lowering of Vapour Pressure:
P0−PP0=XB\frac{P^0 – P}{P^0} = X_B
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Elevation in Boiling Point:
ΔTb=Kb×m\Delta T_b = K_b \times m
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Depression in Freezing Point:
ΔTf=Kf×m\Delta T_f = K_f \times m
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Osmotic Pressure:
π=CRT\pi = C R T
Chapter 3: Electrochemistry (वैद्युत रसायन)
महत्वपूर्ण सूत्र:
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Ohm’s Law:
R=VIR = \frac{V}{I}
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Specific Conductance (κ):
κ=1R×A\kappa = \frac{1}{R \times A}
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Molar Conductivity (Λm):
Λm=κ×1000C\Lambda_m = \frac{\kappa \times 1000}{C}
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Kohlrausch’s Law:
Λm0=Λ+0+Λ−0\Lambda_m^0 = \Lambda_+^0 + \Lambda_-^0
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Nernst Equation:
Ecell=Ecell0−0.0591nlog[Products][Reactants]E_{cell} = E^0_{cell} – \frac{0.0591}{n} \log \frac{[Products]}{[Reactants]}
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Relationship between ΔG and E°:
ΔG=−nFE0\Delta G = -nFE^0
Chapter 4: Chemical Kinetics (रासायनिक गतिकी)
महत्वपूर्ण सूत्र:
-
Rate of Reaction:
Rate=−d[R]dt=d[P]dtRate = -\frac{d[R]}{dt} = \frac{d[P]}{dt}
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Rate Law:
Rate=k[A]m[B]nRate = k[A]^m[B]^n
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Unit of Rate Constant (k):
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Zero order: mol L⁻¹ s⁻¹
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First order: s⁻¹
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Second order: L mol⁻¹ s⁻¹
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First Order Reaction Formula:
k=2.303tlog[A]0[A]k = \frac{2.303}{t} \log \frac{[A]_0}{[A]}
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Half-life (First Order):
t1/2=0.693kt_{1/2} = \frac{0.693}{k}
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Arrhenius Equation:
k=Ae−Ea/RTk = A e^{-E_a/RT}
Chapter 5: Surface Chemistry (पृष्ठ रसायन)
महत्वपूर्ण सूत्र:
-
Adsorption:
x/m=kP1/nx/m = kP^{1/n}
(Freundlich Adsorption Isotherm)
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Catalyst Efficiency:
Efficiency=Rate with catalystRate without catalyst\text{Efficiency} = \frac{\text{Rate with catalyst}}{\text{Rate without catalyst}}
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Relation between r and t (for coagulation):
r∝1tr \propto \frac{1}{t}
Chapter 6: Thermodynamics (ऊष्मागतिकी)
महत्वपूर्ण सूत्र:
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First Law:
ΔU=q+w\Delta U = q + w
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Work done in Expansion:
w=−PΔVw = -P \Delta V
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Enthalpy Relation:
ΔH=ΔU+PΔV\Delta H = \Delta U + P \Delta V
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Heat Capacity Relation:
Cp−Cv=RC_p – C_v = R
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Gibbs Free Energy:
ΔG=ΔH−TΔS\Delta G = \Delta H – T\Delta S
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Relation between ΔG° and Equilibrium Constant:
ΔG°=−RTlnK\Delta G° = -RT \ln K
Chapter 7: Equilibrium (साम्यावस्था)
महत्वपूर्ण सूत्र:
-
Equilibrium Constant (Kc):
Kc=[Products][Reactants]K_c = \frac{[Products]}{[Reactants]}
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Relation between Kp and Kc:
Kp=Kc(RT)ΔnK_p = K_c (RT)^{\Delta n}
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Ionization Constant of Weak Acid (Ka):
Ka=[H+][A−][HA]K_a = \frac{[H^+][A^-]}{[HA]}
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pH Formula:
pH=−log[H+]pH = -\log [H^+]
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Buffer Solution Formula:
pH=pKa+log[Salt][Acid]pH = pK_a + \log \frac{[Salt]}{[Acid]}
Chapter 8: Redox Reactions (अपचयन-ऑक्सीकरण अभिक्रियाएँ)
महत्वपूर्ण सूत्र:
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Oxidation Number Change Method:
Equivalent weight=Molecular weightn-factor\text{Equivalent weight} = \frac{\text{Molecular weight}}{\text{n-factor}}
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Equivalent Concept:
N1V1=N2V2N_1 V_1 = N_2 V_2
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Faraday’s Laws of Electrolysis:
W=E×I×t96500W = \frac{E \times I \times t}{96500}
निष्कर्ष (Conclusion)
Class 12 Physical Chemistry के ये सभी सूत्र (Formulas) बोर्ड परीक्षा, NEET, JEE, और अन्य प्रतियोगी परीक्षाओं** में बार-बार पूछे जाते हैं।
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Bihar Board Class 12 Physics Full Notes 2025 – हर Chapter Detailed in Hindi
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