Class 12 Biology Ecosystem Notes PDF | NCERT Based Important Questions 2026
An ecosystem is a functional unit of nature where living organisms (biotic components) interact with non-living components (abiotic components) such as air, water, soil, light, and temperature. In simple words, 👉 Ecosystem = Living organisms + Non-living environment + Interaction The chapter “Ecosystem” in Class 12 Biology explains: Structure of ecosystem Energy flow Productivity Decomposition …